Plasma Free Amino Acid Patterns Research Articles

Effect of β-alanine on the athletic performance and blood amino acid metabolism of speed-racing Yili horses.

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of supplemental β-alanine feeding on the athletic performance of Yili horses involved in speed racing, focusing on alterations in plasma free amino acid patterns pre and post exercise. Additionally, the research aimed to evaluate the effects of carnosine on the plasma acid-base buffering capacity and antioxidant levels in these horses. Twelve Yili horse stallions, averaging 3 years in age and 346.50 ± 21.39 kg in weight, were chosen and randomly divided into two groups: a control group and a test group, each comprising six horses. The control group received a supplementation of 300 mg/kg BW/day of α-alanine, while the test group received 300 mg/kg BW/day of β-alanine. This supplementation regimen was maintained for a 30-day supplementation trial period, under identical feeding and management conditions. Throughout the trial, the horses participated in the 1,000 Speed Race, and three distinct blood samples were gathered for assessing plasma free amino acids, blood gases, biochemical parameters, and antioxidant parameters. The outcomes indicated a considerable enhancement in the 1,000 m exercise performance of the speed racing Yili horses in the test group compared to the control group, showcasing a noteworthy improvement of 12.01%, with the test group completing the race 13.29 s faster. Notably, the α-alanine content in the plasma of the control group Yili horses remained higher than that of the test group, demonstrating a consistent increasing trend. By contrast, the plasma β-alanine content was notably higher in the test group than in the control group. Over the course of the supplementation period, plasma β-alanine exhibited an escalating and then stabilizing trend in the test group, whereas in the control group, although β-alanine content also increased, the trend was less pronounced. The plasma levels of histidine and carnosine showed minimal variance between the two groups. Overall, the test group of Yili horses exhibited slightly higher plasma levels of histidine and carnosine compared to the control group. The addition of β-alanine to their diet for a duration of 30 days notably affected the plasma levels of amino acids both pre- and post-exercise in speed-racing Yili horses. Furthermore, β-alanine demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the catabolism of these horses' bodies during high-intensity exercise. Ten marker amino acids, including valine, leucine, β-alanine, isoleucine, carnosine, 3-methyl-histidine, lysine, ethanolamine, argnine, and taurine, displayed statistically significant changes. β-alanine notably increased the blood glucose levels of Yili horses and played a role in expediting the restoration of blood gas levels post-exercise. Moreover, in the test group of Yili horses, the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity significantly increased both before and after the race, while the content of malondialdehyde, an oxidation product, exhibited an extremely significant decrease immediately after the race. These outcomes suggest that the addition of β-alanine significantly augmented antioxidant levels during high-intensity exercise in Yili horses. Consequently, it reduced post-exercise injuries and accelerated the recovery process after exercise.

Dietary methionine source and level affect hepatic sulfur amino acid metabolism of broiler breeder hens.

A study was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary methionine source and level on plasma free amino acids patterns and the expression of genes involved in hepatic methionine metabolism in broiler breeders. A total of 2184 broiler breeders were assigned to 13 dietary treatments, with eight replicates per treatment. The 13 treatments included one control group and 12 additional treatments employing two sources and six levels (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25 and 1.00%). Higher plasma methionine concentration was measured for DL‐methionine (DLM) treated hens. Plasma alanine concentration was linearly increased as DLM or 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(methylthio) butanoic acid (HMTBA) supplementation level increased. There was a linear increase in concentrations of tyrosine, valine, glycine and serine as dietary DLM supplementation level increased. Hens treated with DLM had higher relative expression of ADA than those fed HMTBA. The expression of MS,ADA,SAHH and MAT2A changed quadratically as HMTBA supplementation level increased, while the expression of GNMT and SAHH changed quadratically as DLM supplementation level increased. In conclusion, the effects of HMTBA on plasma free amino acid patterns and the expression of hepatic genes involved with methionine are different from DLM.

Plasma free amino acid patterns in protein-calorie malnutrition.

Journal Article Plasma Free Amino Acid Patterns in Protein-Calorie Malnutrition Get access Nutrition Reviews, Volume 26, Issue 3, March 1968, Pages 72–73, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1968.tb00864.x Published: 01 March 1968

Effects of physical properties of diets on evacuation time of digesta and plasma free amino acid patterns in yellowtail

SUMMARY: The periodical changes of feed digesta contents in the digestive tracts and plasma free amino acid levels of yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata (average weight 690 g) were investigated at 0, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 48 h after feeding on three different types of diets. The diets were: (i) extruded pellets prepared using a large-sized twin screw extruder (SDP); (ii) pellets processed using a small-sized twin screw extruder (EP); and (iii) single moist pellets (SMP). Three types of experimental fish meal diets were formulated so as to have an almost similar ingredient composition, and were supplemented with crystalline methionine, lysine, and tryptophan. Digesta contents in the stomach of fish fed the SDP diet during the experimental period were highest, whereas fish fed the SMP diet were lowest, and the stomach digesta evacuation time was different for the different types of diets. This might be caused by the differences in the chemical and physical properties of the diets. The evacuation times of the feed digesta contents of the stomach influence those of the intestine. Three crystalline amino acids added to the diets seemed to be absorbed effectively into blood plasma immediately after feed intake irrespective of the diet types. Periodical changes in the plasma levels of methionine seemed to be linked to the feed digesta contents of the stomach. Therefore, it is suggested that utilization of supplemented methionine might be affected by diet characteristics which, in turn, influence the stomach digesta evacuation times.

Plasma free amino acid concentrations in healthy Guatemalan adults and in patients with classic dengue

Plasma free amino acid patterns in health and disease have been reported. However, amino acid concentrations in adult populations in developing countries and in patients with dengue, as a model for an acute infectious viral disease endemic to the tropics, have not been reported. The purpose of this study was to determine the amino acid profile in both healthy Guatemalan adults from different socioeconomic backgrounds and at 3 time points during the course of classic dengue. The study was carried out in Guatemala and included measurement of plasma free amino acids in 22 healthy control subjects (14 low income, 8 middle class) and 17 febrile patients. Measurements of amino acids were repeated within a 48-h interval in 20 of the healthy Guatemalans. In 9 patients with dengue, amino acids were assayed 3 times: on admission to a local hospital in the coastal plain of Guatemala, on hospital discharge, and 7 d after hospital discharge. Branched-chain amino acid concentrations in healthy adults and dengue patients in Guatemala were lower than normal values reported in the literature for healthy Swedish adults. With the exception of increased phenylalanine concentrations and an increased ratio of phenylalanine to tyrosine, all amino acids as well as the Fischer molar ratio were decreased in the acute phase of dengue. Healthy Guatemalans have different amino acid patterns than do Swedish subjects independent of socioeconomic status. The systemic viral disease dengue is associated with changes in the plasma free amino acid pattern, reflecting infection-related alterations in amino acid metabolism.

Contrasting plasma free amino acid patterns in elite athletes: association with fatigue and infection.

AIM: There is little information on the plasma free amino acid patterns of elite athletes against which fatigue and nutrition can be considered. Therefore the aim was to include analysis...

The effect of a high dose of 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate on protein metabolism in growing lambs.

The effect of a high dose of 3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyrate (HMB, a leucine catabolite) on protein metabolism was investigated in growing male lambs fed on hay and concentrate. Concentrate was supplemented with either Ca(HMB)2 (4 g/kg) or Ca(CO3)2 in experimental (HMB) and control groups respectively. Both groups consisted of six 2-month old lambs. Three complementary methods to study protein metabolism were carried out consecutively 2.5 months after beginning the dietary treatment: whole body phenylalanine fluxes, postprandial plasma free amino acid time course and fractional rates of protein synthesis in skeletal muscles. Feeding a high dose of HMB led to a significant increase in some plasma free amino acids compared with controls. Total, oxidative and non-oxidative phenylalanine fluxes were not modified by dietary HMB supplementation. Similarly, an acute infusion of HMB, in the control group, did not change these fluxes. In skeletal muscles, fractional rates of protein synthesis were not affected by long-term dietary supplementation with HMB. Taken together our results showed that administration of a high dose of HMB to lambs was able to modify plasma free amino acid pattern without any effect on whole-body protein turnover and skeletal muscle protein synthesis.

Plasma free amino acid pattern in chronic hepatitis as a sensitive and prognostic index

To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of plasma amino acid imbalance in chronic hepatitis (CH), plasma-free neutral amino acid levels were examined in 47 patients with CH, consisting of 8 chronic persistent hepatitis (CPH), 26 chronic aggressive hepatitis (CAH) 2A and 13 CAH 2B, compared with those of 58 patients with liver cirrhosis (LC) and of 12 healthy controls. Fischer's ratio (a molar ratio of branched chain amino acids to aromatic amino acids) was found to be reduced in the order of normal subjects (3.5 +/- 0.4), CPH (3.0 +/- 0.2), CAH2A (2.7 +/- 0.3), CAH2B (2.1 +/- 0.3), compensated LC (LC-C, 1.5 +/- 0.4) and decompensated LC (LC-D, 1.1 +/- 0.2). Patients with CPH showed a significant decrease of the ratio compared with normal subjects (P less than 0.05). The ratio was significantly higher in patients with CAH 2B in comparison with LC-C (P less than 0.001). Especially, the ratio could be used to discriminate the three distinct stages of CH. Discriminant analysis, carried out using six amino acids, Fischer's ratio and conventional liver function tests indicated that Fischer's ratio was the most reliable parameter for differentiation of the three stages of CH. Furthermore, serial examinations of Fischer's ratio in patients with CH remained unchanged in CPH, whereas was significantly reduced in CAH during 2-3 years follow-up. These results strongly suggest that Fischer's ratio is a useful indicator for differential diagnosis and for prediction of the subsequent clinical course of CH as well as being a sensitive index for functional hepatic reserve in chronic active liver diseases.

Changes in ruminal and intestinal digestion during and after weaning in dairy calves fed concentrate diets containing pea or soya bean meal. 2. Amino acid composition and flow of duodenal and heal digesta, and blood levels of free amino acids

Changes in the amino acid (AA) contents of duodenal and ileal digesta, and levels of plasma free AA were studied in dairy calves progressively weaned on high-concentrate diets differing in the protein source (pea vs. soya bean meal). Digesta flowing from the stomachs of calves presented a fairly constant AA composition by 2–3 weeks after the commencement of dry feed intake. Protein in the duodenal digesta was mainly microbial. Ileal digests from ruminating calves presented an AA composition very different from that of milk-fed calf digesta. The latter contained mostly endogenous protein while bacterial protein was the main constituent of the former. Ileal AA composition and the composition of apparently absorbed AA were not affected by age after weaning. Changes in plasma free AA patterns through weaning were dominated by a decrease in several AA levels (methionine, lysine and arginine) which could be related to changes in metabolizable energy intake and amounts of AA apparently absorbed in the small intestine. AA profiles of duodenal and ileal digests, and of plasma were never greatly affected by the origin of protein in solid feeds used in this trial.

[Study of the ameliorating effects of an enteral nutrient for liver failure on hepatic encephalopathy: effects of SF-1008C on plasma and brain free amino acids, intracerebral amine concentrations and electroencephalogram in portacaval shunted rats with ammonia loading].

The ameliorating effects of an enteral nutrient for liver failure (SF-1008C), which is enriched with branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and includes few aromatic amino acids (AAA), were investigated. The blood ammonia, plasma and brain free amino acids, intracerebral amine concentrations and electroencephalogram were measured in portacaval shunted rats with 10% ammonium acetate (3 ml/kg, i.p.) (PCS) as a model of hepatic encephalopathy. The blood ammonia and plasma free amino acid concentrations in PCS rats were significantly increased in comparison to sham-operated (Sham) rats. Thus, the plasma BCAA/AAA ratio in PCS rats was appreciably reduced. Concomitant with the abnormal plasma amino acid concentrations, the brain free amino acid concentrations in PCS rats were markedly increased in comparison to the Sham rats. Moreover, the intracerebral tryptophan (Trp) and 5-hydroxyindol acetic acid (5-HIAA) concentrations were significantly increased, and the intracerebral dopamine (DA) concentration was significantly decreased in the PCS rats. The intracerebral serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were, however, hardly changed. A smaller voltage for the electroencephalogram was used in the PCS rats than in the Sham rats. Abnormal plasma and brain free amino acid concentrations in PCS rats were normalized by oral administration of SF-1008C, and the low voltage electroencephalograms in the PCS rats were suppressed. On the other hand, abnormal plasma and brain free amino acid concentrations in the PCS rats were hardly normalized by oral administration of ED-AC, an elemental diet based on an amino acid composition of egg protein. These results suggest that SF-1008C affects brain free amino acids, intracerebral amine concentrations and electroencephalogram by ameliorating abnormal plasma free amino acid concentrations. Moreover, there is a highly significant correlation between the plasma BCAA/AAA ratio and the brain BCAA/AAA ratio, and this finding suggests that the plasma free amino acid patterns reflect the brain free amino acid patterns.

Plasma free amino acids in trauma: Clinical and therapeutic implications

The aim of this study was to evaluate the plasma free amino acid patterns in patients suffering from traumatic shock. Changes found in the behaviour of single free amino acids appear to indicate that the nutritional infusate solutions should not contain glutamic acid, high concentrations of arginine or a ratio of essential free amino acids to total nitrogen of more than 3.2.

Evidences suggestive of no intestinal nitrogen fixation for improving protein nutrition status in sweet potato eaters1–2

Total of seven teenagers and two adults were given sweet potato diets that supplied slightly below requirement levels of protein for 32 (experiment 1) or 53 days (experiment 2) in two separate experiments. In experiment 1 and during the first 36 days of experiment 2, nitrogen (N) balance studies with the teenagers were conducted with 0.67 and 0.71 g of protein per kilogram of body weight, respectively. Results of the N balances including skin N loss were —0.5 mg N/kg per day in experiment 1 and —3.2 mg N/kg per day in experiment 2. Two adults were given 0.63 g/kg of protein and gave average N balance of +6.0 mg N/kg per day (experiment 2), however, one of them had a slightly negative cumulative N balance if miscellaneous N losses were included in calculation. Plasma urea N of both teenagers and adults decreased significantly from 8 to 11 to 2 to 3 mg/100 ml in experiment 2. After 32 or 53 days on the sweet potato diets, the plasma free amino acid pattern of the teenager subjects showed abnormality. Furthermore, the subjects were easier to get fatigue by physical exercise, and took longer nap due to sleepiness during the latter days of the experiments. Thus, although the mean hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma total protein, and plasma albumin levels were within the normal ranges, the protein nutrition status of the teenagers and one of the two adults was considered to be not normal. The results suggested that intestinal N-fixation that was proposed by several investigators to occur in sweet potato eaters probably did not occur. The subjects' feces were examined in vitro for the ability of N-fixation with negative results. During the last 17 days of experiment 2 the effect of excess calorie on N balance was examined.

Plasma free amino acid patterns in pregnancy: relationships to gestational age and applications to detection of fetal distress.

Data on free amino acids in serial samples of plasma from 15 pregnancies from 14 women have been compared to data from normal nonpregnant women by use of pattern-recognition program. The overall amino acid patterns were found to be a reproducible function of gestational age. Two samples from a woman with a pregnancy terminated by a spontaneous abortion were clearly resolved from all the other samples by this procedure.

Plasma an intraerythrocyte amino-acid levels during and after haemodialysis in acute renal failure

A study is carried out on the variations of plasma and blood red cells free amino acid concentrations secondary to haemodialysis in patients suffering from acute renal failure. A reduction in plasma free amino acid pool has been observed in patients undergoing to many periodic haemosialysis, but no significant differences occur in plasma aminogram between before and after a single dyalitic procedure. Significant alterations were also observed in blood red cells aminogram, and this may be interpreted as reflex of intracellular omeostatic mechanisms for the maintenance of normal plasma free aminoacid pattern.

尿素飼料給与ヤギの血中遊離アミノ酸含量に及ぼすメチオニン添加の影響

尿素飼料給与ヤギの血中遊離アミノ酸含量に及ぼすメチオニン添加の影響

Growth and Plasma Amino Acid Pattern of Chicks Fed Fish Meal as Sole Source Protein: Effect of Dietary Levels of Chloride, Sulfate, Glutamic Acid and Methionine

Two experiments were conducted with chicks fed fish meal as sole source protein from day 1 to day 21 to determine the effect (1) of lowered dietary chloride and sulfate content, (2) of additions of glutamic acid, and (3) of methionine on the growth response and on the plasma free amino acid pattern. These treatments produced characteristic effects on growth and the amino acid concentration in the plasma, indicating complex interactions. Decreasing the chloride and sulfate in a diet containing 12% protein supplied entirely by a fish meal produced a significant positive growth response which was apparently due to the resulting increased availability of arginine and increased concentration in the plasma. Supplementation of glutamic acid (5.05%) to the suboptimal 12% protein diet resulted in an increase in plasma glutamic acid and alanine, but increased growth occurred only when the diet also contained the higher level of chloride and sulfate. The addition of glutamic acid decreased the plasma concentration of threonine, serine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine.Methionine additions failed to increase growth unless glumatic acid was also included in the diet with the lower chloride and sulfate content. The 0.2% methionine supplement with glutamic acid produced a growth response and an increase in plasma methionine, cystathionine, and α-amino butyric acid. When 0.6% methionine was added to the diet, the plasma levels of these three amino acids were higher, resulting in a growth depression. Both levels of methionine supplements in combination with the glutamic acid caused a drop in the plasma lysine, threonine, valine, and histidine.

Effect of Diethylstilbestrol on the Blood Plasma Amino Acid Patterns of Beef Steers Fed Finishing Diets

Three trials were conducted to determine the effect of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the blood plasma free amino acid patterns of steers fed finishing diets ad libitum. Results from the trials indicate that when steers were fed diets based upon corn, DES treatment caused a reduction in the concentration of the essential amino acids, except for methionine and histidine which increased. Lysine concentration was especially decreased. Blood plasma concentrations of urea and serine were also depressed due to DES, whereas the concentration of hydroxyproline was markedly increased. When steers were fed a diet based upon wheat in one trial the effect of DES was somewhat different, suggesting that the composition of the diet may have influenced the response.

PLASMA FREE AMINOACID PATTERN IN PROTEIN-CALORIE MALNUTRITION: Reappraisal of its Diagnostic Value

The pattern of free aminoacids in the plasma of children with kwashiorkor and marasmus has been studied. In the untreated forms of both these conditions, there is a fall in the essential aminoacids—particularly leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Other aminoacids, especially tyrosine, are also affected; but the non-essential aminoacid, glycine, is raised. The degree of fall in the aminoacid concentration before treatment cannot be correlated with the clinical severity, nor with the serum-albumin concentration. There is a striking rise in the level of plasma free aminoacids within 24 hours of the commencement of protein feeding. In many instances abnormally high plasma levels of essential aminoacids and tyrosine are reached. These results imply that the plasma aminogram must be used with caution in the detection of protein-calorie malnutrition.

Use of Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Blood Plasma in Evaluating the Amino Acid Adequacy of Intact Proteins for Chick Growth : I. Free Amino Acid Patterns of Blood Plasma of Blood Plasma of Chicks Fed Unheated and Heated Fishmeal Proteins

Concentrations of free amino acids in the plasma of chicks were studied to develop a method which will enable the prediction of the amino acid adequacy of intact proteins for chick growth. Plasma free amino acid patterns of chicks fed a standard crystalline amino acid diet were compared with those resulting from feeding the same diet in which the crystalline amino acid component was replaced by an equivalent amount of protein (N × 6.25). Various fishmeals, some overheated, were used as the source of intact protein. Feeding procedures were used that assured an equal amount and rate of intake of all nutrients among experimental groups prior to time of blood sampling. A comparison of the plasma amino acid levels of the chicks fed fishmeal with those fed the control diet showed that, in general, the concentrations of the essential amino acids were lower in the fishmeal group, with the exception of lysine. This amino acid occurs in relatively high concentrations in good quality fishmeal. The amino acids which appeared to be most deficient in the fishmeals were histidine, valine, methionine and threonine. Chick growth studies, however, have established that these fishmeals respond first to methionine then to single additions of histidine, phenylalanine and possibly threonine. When the intact fishmeals were mildly overheated prior to feeding, lower plasma concentrations of lysine and threonine resulted indicating a loss of availability of these amino acids. More drastic heating resulted in a decrease of all amino acids. The technique described offers a method of comparing the relative availability of amino acids in proteins subjected to various processing alterations, but appears to be ineffective in its present form for predicting the order and degree of amino acid limitation in the fishmeals studied.

Use of Free Amino Acid Concentrations in Blood Plasma in Evaluating the Amino Acid Adequacy of Intact Proteins for Chick Growth : II. Free Amino Acid Patterns of Blood Plasma of Chicks Fed Sesame and Raw, Heated and Overheated Soybean Meals

Plasma free amino acid patterns of chicks fed a standard crystalline amino acid diet were compared with those resulting from feeding (a) sesame meal with and without lysine supplementation, and (b) raw, heated and overheated soybean meal, with and without methionine supplementation. A low level of lysine in the plasma of sesame-fed chicks showed that lysine is the first limiting amino acid in this protein. Similarly, methionine was observed to be the first limiting amino acid in all the soybean meals studied. Upon supplementation of these meals with their respective limiting amino acids, deficiencies of histidine, threonine and methionine were still indicated. Comparisons of meals with and without supplementation of their first limiting amino acid showed an increased utilization of all amino acids for protein synthesis. This was demonstrated by a marked reduction of all other essential amino acids in the plasma. An overall apparent loss of digestibility results from severe heat treatment of proteins. In addition, the amino acids of raw soybean meal were shown to be less available to the chick than those of properly heated soybean meal. It appears that the plasma amino acid assay described can be of considerable value when a qualitative comparison of the amino acid availability of similar proteins is desired. The use of the technique to predict the amino acid adequacy of intact proteins for chick growth, however, was shown to be dependent upon the extent to which the standard reference diet provides the amino acid requirements for chick growth. Such a reference diet must contain neither a deficient nor an excess quantity of any of these amino acids.